Who is Keri Lynn Russell?

Who is Keri Lynn Russell? is a Jewish American^[1] actress and dancer. After appearing in a number of made-for-television films and series during the mid-1990s, she came to fame for portraying the title role of Felicity Porter on the hit series Felicity, which ran from 1998 to 2002, and for which she won a Golden Globe Award. Russell has since appeared in several films, including We Were Soldiers, The Upside of Anger, Mission: Impossible III, Waitress, and August Rush.

Russell was born March 23, 1976 in Fountain Valley, California, the daughter of Stephanie (née Stephens), a homemaker, and David Russell, a Nissan Motors executive.^[2] She has an older brother, Todd, and a younger sister, Julie. Russell grew up in Coppell, Texas, Mesa, Arizona and Highlands Ranch, Colorado, moving frequently because of her father's employment. Though she is known for her acting these days, she started out at Starstruck dance studio in a suburb of Denver, and it was her dancing, not her acting that earned her a spot on the Mickey Mouse Club subsequently starting her a career.
Russell first appeared on television as a cast member of the New Mickey Mouse Club variety show on the Disney Channel. She was on the show from 1991 to 1993 and co-starred with future pop stars Christina Aguilera, Britney Spears, JC Chasez, Justin Timberlake, and Ryan Gosling.^[3] In 1992, she appeared in Honey, I Blew Up the Kid alongside Rick Moranis and in 1993 had a role on the sitcom Boy Meets World as Mr. Feeny's niece. Keri had an appearance on Married with Children as April Adams in - Radio Free Trumaine 1995 episode. Russell subsequently starred in several film and television roles, including the 1996 made-for-television film The Babysitter's Seduction. She also had a role on the short-lived soap opera series Malibu Shores the same year. In 1994, she appeared in Bon Jovi's music video "Always" with Jack Noseworthy and on Married… with Children. In 1997, she appeared in two episodes of Roar alongside Heath Ledger.

From 1998 to 2002, Russell starred as the title character on the successful WB Network series Felicity; she won a Golden Globe for the role in 1999. Russell's long and curly hair was one of her character's defining characteristics, and a drastic hairstyle change at the beginning of the show's second season was considered to be the cause of a significant drop in the show's television ratings.^[4] As a result, new policies were enacted at the network requiring hairstyle changes by cast to be approved by the network's executives. Felicity 's ratings drop also coincided with the show's move to a Sunday night time slot, so it is unclear exactly how much effect the hairstyle change actually had. During the show's run, Russell appeared in the films Eight Days a Week, The Curve and Mad About Mambo, all of which received only limited releases in North America. Her next role was in the film We Were Soldiers, playing the wife of an American serviceman. The film was released in March 2002, two months before the end of Felicity's run.

In 2005, several reports claimed that Russell was set to adopt Scientology, after working with actor Tom Cruise, who is a Scientologist, on Mission: Impossible III. Russell's representative subsequently threatened to sue the reporter who first made the claim. Stories about the incident had noted that Russell is of Jewish heritage and religion; older reports, which had originally suggested her conversion to Scientology, had mentioned that she was once a member of the Mormon church.

When Felicity ended, Russell took a break from acting. She moved to New York City and took two years off to avoid the business of Hollywood, spending time with friends. Russell subsequently made her off-Broadway stage debut in 2004, appearing opposite Jeremy Piven, Andrew McCarthy, and Ashlie Atkinson in Neil LaBute's Fat Pig.^[5] In 2005, she returned to television and film, beginning with an appearance in the Hallmark Hall of Fame television movie The Magic of Ordinary Days, theatrical film The Upside of Anger (alongside Kevin Costner, Joan Allen and Evan Rachel Wood), and the television miniseries Into the West.

Although a number of her Felicity co-stars went on to appear in producer J. J. Abrams' series, Alias, Russell declined invitations to be part of the show. In a seminar at the Museum of Television and Radio, Abrams said, "I've asked Keri if she would ever do it, and I usually get this, sort of like, giggle — and then she hangs up". In 2005, Abrams asked Russell to join the cast of Mission: Impossible III, a film he directed, and she accepted. The film was released on May 5, 2006. In the summer of 2006, Russell was chosen to be a celebrity spokeswoman for CoverGirl Cosmetics. Before she was in Mission Impossible: III she was screen tested for the role of Lois Lane in Superman Returns but lost the role to Kate Bosworth, with whom she is co-starring in The Girl in the Park.

She taped two episodes as a guest character on the NBC show Scrubs in 2007. She played Melody, a sorority sister and good friend of Elliot Reid (played by Sarah Chalke). The first episode aired on April 26, and the second on May 3. She starred in Waitress, a well-reviewed independent film in which she plays Jenna, a pregnant waitress in the American South; it was the fourth film in a row in which Russell had played a pregnant woman.^[6] The film opened on May 4, 2007 and Russell's performance was positively received by critics,^[7] with Michael Sragow of The Baltimore Sun writing that Russell's performance had "aesthetic character" and "welds tenderness and fierceness with quiet heat".^[8] In the summer of 2007, Russell appeared in The Keri Kronicles, a reality show/sitcom sponsored by CoverGirl and airing on MySpace; the show was filmed at Russell's home in Manhattan and spotlighted her life.^[7]

Russell next appeared in August Rush, a drama released in November 2007. She also appeared on the cover of the New York Post's Page Six magazine on November 11, 2007. She has completed roles in Butterfly: A Grimm Love Story (titled Rohtenburg for its German release), in which she plays Katie Armstrong, a graduate student who writes a thesis paper on an infamous cannibal murder case, and the thriller The Girl in the Park, opposite Sigourney Weaver, Kate Bosworth and Alessandro Nivola.

Russell recently appeared in Bedtime Stories with Adam Sandler playing the lead.^[9] In an appearance on The View on December 15, 2008, Russell said she got the part because Sandler's wife Jackie had seen Russell in Waitress and suggested her for the movie.

Russell portrayed Wonder Woman in a direct-to-video animated feature released March 3, 2009.^[10]

Russell has signed to star alongside Brendan Fraser and Harrison Ford in the Tom Vaughan-helmed untitled Crowley project for CBS Films. The drama, which starts lensing 6 April 2009, will be the first film to go into production for the new company. Russell will play Aileen Crowley, a mother who tries to build a normal home life for her sick children while her husband, John (Fraser), and an unconventional scientist (Ford) race against time to find a cure. Robert Nelson Jacobs (The Water Horse) penned the screenplay, which was inspired by a Wall Street Journal article and subsequent book, The Cure, by Geeta Anand. Michael Shamberg and Stacey Sher are producing alongside Carla Shamberg. Ford is an executive producer.^[11]

In 2005, several reports claimed that Russell was set to adopt Scientology, after working with actor Tom Cruise, who is a Scientologist, on Mission: Impossible III. Russell's representative subsequently threatened to sue the reporter who first made the claim. Stories about the incident had noted that Russell is of Jewish heritage;^[12][13] older reports, which had originally suggested her conversion to Scientology, had mentioned that she was once a member of the Mormon church.^[14]

As of 2007^[update], Russell resides in Brooklyn.^[15][16]

Russell and Shane Deary, a carpenter she met through mutual friends,^[6] became engaged in 2006 and were married on February 14, 2007 in New York.^[17]

Russell gave birth to a boy, named River Russell Deary, on June 9, 2007 in New York.^[18] Russell had a midwife-assisted hospital birth;^[19] she has described her pregnancy experience as "real great and easy".^[20]

She also dated Felicity co-star Scott Speedman during the show's run. She also dated her Mickey Mouse Club and Malibu Shores co-star Tony Lucca who accompanied her to the Golden Globe and Emmy awards in 1999.

She still remains friends with a handful of her Mickey Mouse Club costars, including Ilana Miller, who she took to the 1999 MTV Movie Awards, and Lindsey Alley, who she mentioned on the red carpet of the Oscar ceremony in 2008.

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Who is Megan Denise Fox ?

Who is Megan Denise Fox? She is an American actress and model. Fox's career in modeling and acting began with her winning several awards at the 1999 American Modeling and Talent Convention in Hilton Head Island, South Carolina. She began her acting career with the film Holiday in the Sun (2001), later appearing in the films Confessions of a Teenage Drama Queen, Crimes of Fashion, and the TV series The Help (all 2004). She is well known for her roles on the television series Hope & Faith (2004) and in the 2007 live-action film Transformers.

Fox has Irish, French and Native American ancestry. She was born May 16, 1986 in Oak Ridge, Tennessee to Macey Tonachio, former Roane County, Tennessee Tourism Direct and Frank Fox. She grew up in nearby Rockwood, Tennessee. She was born as Megan Denise Foxx, with two X's in the last name, but changed it once she entered show business. She has one older sister. Fox began her training in drama and dance at the age of five in Kingston, Tennessee. She attended a dance class at the community center there, and was involved in Kingston Elementary School's chorus and the Kingston Clippers swim team. At age ten, after moving to St. Petersburg, Florida, she continued her training. She attended Morningside Academy, a private Christian school in Port St. Lucie during her middle school years and finished her high school education at St Lucie West Centennial High School in Port St. Lucie.


By age sixteen, Fox's talent created new opportunities for her in the entertainment world. She began acting and modeling upon winning several awards at the 1999 American Modeling and Talent Convention in Hilton Head Island, South Carolina.]


Fox at Spike TV's 2007 Scream AwardsFox made her film debut in the 2001 film Holiday in the Sun as the spoiled heiress Brianna Wallace and rival of Alex Stewart (Ashley Olsen). She then landed guest appearances on Ocean Ave., What I Like About You, Two and a Half Men and The Help from 2003 to 2004. In 2004, Fox starred in Confessions of a Teenage Drama Queen alongside Lindsay Lohan. She was subsequently cast in her first recurring role in a television series on Hope & Faith, in which she portrayed Sydney Shanowski from 2004 through 2006.

Fox's big break arrived when she acquired the lead female role of Mikaela Banes in the 2007 live-action film Transformers, based on the toy and cartoon saga of the same name. She played the love interest of Shia LaBeouf's character Sam Witwicky. In June 2007, Fox was cast in How to Lose Friends & Alienate People, starring alongside Jeff Bridges, Simon Pegg and Kirsten Dunst. The character Fox portrayed is that of a young Hollywood starlet getting her first taste of fame. The film premiered in October 2008.

She is also signed on for two more Transormers sequels.

Fox has appeared in a five page spread for the November 2005 issue of the popular men's magazine FHM. She also posed for the March 2007 issue of FHM, the June 2007 issue of GQ, the July 2007 issue of Maxim, and the September 2007 issue of Arena. She was voted the Sexiest Woman in the World by FHM magazine in 2008, beating out Jessica Biel and Jessica Alba. Megan is also on the cover page for the Maxim October 2008 issue and the GQ October 2008 issue. Fox is represented by The Gersh Agency.

Fox will star opposite Amanda Seyfried and Adam Brody in Diablo Cody's second feature film titled Jennifer's Body, which is due to be released in 2009. She was cast in October 2007. While filming the sequel of Transformers, Michael Bay, the movie's director, ordered the actress to gain 10 lbs, stating that he "does not like skinny girls."




Fox has been outspoken in her self-identification as a bisexual. In a frank interview with GQ Magazine, Fox said that she fell in love with a female stripper when she was eighteen and used the experience to illustrate her belief that "...all humans are born with the ability to be attracted to both sexes."

Since 2004, Fox has been involved with actor Brian Austin Green of Beverly Hills, 90210 and Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles fame. They had been engaged to be married, but later separated after Megan claimed to be too young for such a commitment.

Fox has seven tattoos, including a poem on her ribcage, a symbol for strength on her neck, Green's name on her hip, a bull's eye on her lower back, a pink flamingo on her upper thigh, and a picture of Marilyn Monroe's face on her right arm. She also has one on her right shoulder that says "We will all laugh at gilded butterflies," a line from Shakespeare's play King Lear. more

Who is Bernard Lawrence Madoff ?

Who is Bernard Lawrence Madoff? He is a businessman and former chairman of the NASDAQ stock market. He was born April 29, 1938. He started the Wall Street firm Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities LLC in 1960 and was its chairman until December 11, 2008, when he was arrested and charged with securities fraud.

Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities, which is in the process of liquidation, was one of the top market maker businesses on Wall Street, often functioning as a "third-market" provider that bypassed "specialist" firms and directly executed orders over-the-counter from retail brokers. The firm also encompassed an investment management and advisory division that is now the focus of the fraud investigation.

On December 11, 2008, Federal Bureau of Investigation agents arrested Madoff on a tip-off from his sons, Andrew and Mark, and charged him with one count of securities fraud. On the day prior to his arrest, Madoff told his senior executives at the firm that the management and advisory segment of the business was "basically, a giant Ponzi scheme." Five days after his arrest, Madoff's assets and those of the firm were frozen and a receiver was appointed to handle the case. Madoff's alleged fraud may be valued at a loss of up to a $50 billion in cash and securities.Banks from outside the U.S. have announced that they have potentially lost billions in U.S. dollars as a result. To date, it is the largest investor fraud ever attributed to a single individual.

Madoff was a prominent businessman and philanthropist. The freeze of his and his firm's assets significantly affected businesses around the world and a number of charities, some of which, including the Robert I. Lappin Charitable Foundation, the Picower Foundation, and the JEHT Foundation, have been forced to close as a consequence of the fraud.

Investors have questioned Madoff's statement that he alone is responsible for the large-scale operation, and investigators are looking for others involved in the scheme.

Madoff was born in the New York City borough of Queens to a Jewish family. He is married to Ruth Madoff and has two sons, Mark and Andrew. Madoff has owned an ocean-front residence in Montauk since 1981. His primary residence, valued at more than $5 million, is on Manhattan's Upper East Side. Madoff is listed as chairman of his Upper East Side building's co-op board. He also owns a home in France and a $9.3 million mansion in Palm Beach, Florida on the Intercoastal Waterway just north of Flagler Memorial Bridge. He is a member of the Palm Beach Country Club and owns a 55-foot (17 m) fishing boat named "Bull".



Madoff started his firm in 1960 with an initial investment of $5,000 that he said was earned from working as a lifeguard and installing sprinklers. At first, the firm made markets (quoted bid and ask prices) via the National Quotation Bureau's Pink Sheets. In order to compete with firms that were members of the New York Stock Exchange, the firm began to use information technology to disseminate its quotes. After a trial run, the technology the firm helped develop became the NASDAQ. According to sources involved in the government inquiry into Madoff, the fraud might have gone back to the 1970s.

He was active in the National Association of Securities Dealers (NASD), a self-regulatory organization for the U.S. securities industry. His firm was one of the five most active firms in the development of the NASDAQ, and he served as its chairman of the board of directors, and on its board of governors.

Madoff's firm was "the first prominent practitioner" of "paying for order flow", in other words paying a broker to execute a customer's order through Madoff, which has been called a "legal kickback".[28] Using this method, the firm became the largest dealer in NYSE-listed stocks in the U.S., trading about 15 percent of transaction volume in these stocks.

Madoff viewed the payments as a normal business practice: "If your girlfriend goes to buy stockings at a supermarket, the racks that display those stockings are usually paid for by the company that manufactured the stockings. Order flow is an issue that attracted a lot of attention but is grossly overrated." Academics have questioned the ethics of these payments. Madoff has argued that these payments did not alter the price that the customer received.

He brought several relatives into his business. His brother, Peter, was a senior managing director. Both of Madoff’s sons, Mark and Andrew, joined the team after finishing their education. Charles Weiner, Madoff’s nephew, also joined the firm, and Peter Madoff’s daughter, Shana, took a job with the company as a lawyer.

His sons Mark and Andrew were allegedly unaware of the imminent insolvency of Madoff Investment Securities. According to the authorities, the sons confronted their father, asking him how the firm could pay bonuses if it could not pay investors, prompting Madoff's admission that he was "finished", after which they reported him to the authorities. The FBI investigation shows no signs of implicating family members of fraud, with federal authorities saying his wife Ruth is not accused of wrongdoing.


Before his arrest Madoff's family was involved in philanthropic circles. When his nephew, Roger Madoff, died of leukemia in April 2006, paid death notices appeared in newspapers from a range of charitable organizations, including the Lower East Side Tenement Museum. Madoff donated approximately $6 million to lymphoma research after his son Andrew was diagnosed.

Madoff served as the Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Sy Syms School of Business at Yeshiva University, as well as Treasurer of its Board of Trustees. He resigned his position at Yeshiva University after his arrest. Madoff also serves on the Board of New York City Center, a member of New York City's Cultural Institutions Group (CIG).

Madoff undertook charity work for the Gift of Life Bone Marrow Foundation, and through The Madoff Family Foundation, a $19 million private foundation which he managed along with his wife, he donated money to hospitals and theaters. The foundation has also contributed to many Jewish educational, cultural, and health charities. The various organizations were mostly given charity funds backed by Madoff securities. Madoff was also a major contributor to the Democratic party.

In the wake of Madoff's arrest, the assets of the Madoff Family Foundation have been frozen by a federal court


This article may be too technical for a general audience. Please help improve this article by providing more context and better explanations of technical details, even for articles which are inherently technical.

Through the years, Madoff claimed his investment strategy consisted of purchasing blue-chip stocks and taking options contracts on them, although he may not have invested much at all.[39] In 1992, Madoff told The Wall Street Journal about his stock strategies: in the 1970s, he had placed invested funds in "convertible arbitrage positions in large-cap stocks, with promised investment returns of 18% to 20%."[39] Madoff said that beginning in 1982, he began using futures contracts on the stock index, and he said he was in index puts (a form of options contract) during the 1987 stock market crash.

Barron's Magazine reported in 2001[40] that a Madoff hedge fund document (a so-called "Offering Memorandum") described Madoff's strategy as follows: "Typically, a position will consist of the ownership of 30–35 S&P 100 stocks, most correlated to that index, the sale of out-of-the-money calls on the index and the purchase of out-of-the-money puts on the index. The sale of the calls is designed to increase the rate of return, while allowing upward movement of the stock portfolio to the strike price of the calls. The puts, funded in large part by the sale of the calls, limit the portfolio's downside."

This split-strike or collar trade involves three steps: 1) buying a stock at price X — say 100, 2) selling a call option with a strike price Y — say 120 — which is above X, and 3) purchasing a put option with a strike price Z — say 80 — which is below X. If the price of the stock is 125, which is above Y at expiration, the stock will be called away and the investor receives Y (120) for the stock. If the price is 70, which is below Z at expiration, the put can be exercised and Z (80) received in cash. This effectively caps the maximum gain (until the options expire) at the Y minus X (120 − 80 = 40), and the maximum loss at the X minus Z (100 − 80 = 20). The options transactions can generate positive or negative cash-flow depending on the cost of purchasing the put (say 3%), the premium received to write the call (say 4%) and dividends from the stock holdings (say 5%). To create an effective collar for a long-term stock holding, the option contracts should be rolled into contracts farther out prior to expiration.

Madoff's strategy as described in Barron's is not a perfect hedge since options are purchased/sold on an index which contains a much larger basket of stocks than the 30–35 purchased to hold. A few analysts performing due diligence on Madoff did raise alarms because they were unable to replicate the fund's past returns using historic price data for US stocks and options on the indexes. There is no credible evidence that Madoff actually made all the required trades dictated by this strategy. Barron's raised the possibility that Madoff's returns were not due to this strategy, but rather from front running the firm's brokerage clients.

Rival fund managers were unable to replicate the same returns, using the strategies from Madoff's quarterly reports


The New York Post reported that before his arrest Madoff "worked the so-called 'Jewish circuit' of well-heeled Jews he met at country clubs on Long Island and in Palm Beach." The New York Times reported that Madoff counted many prominent Jewish executives and organizations among those investing in his funds — Jeffrey Katzenberg, Eliot Spitzer, Yeshiva University, the Elie Wiesel Foundation, and charities set up by the publisher Mortimer Zuckerman and Hollywood film director Steven Spielberg. Among one of the most prominent Jewish promoters was J. Ezra Merkin, whose fund Ascot Partners steered $1.8 billion USD towards Madoff's firm.[46] A scheme like this that targets members of a particular religious or ethnic community is a type of affinity fraud.

Fairfield Greenwich Group, based in Greenwich, Connecticut, had a Fairfield Sentry fund which was one of several so-called feeder funds that gave foreign investors portals to Madoff. Fairfield, in turn, set up further feeder funds such as Lion Fairfield Capital Management in Singapore and Stellar US Absolute Return, all ultimately conduits to Madoff, having directed a total of $7 billion USD. The Wall Street Journal reported that "Several investors say Mr. Madoff's main go-between in Palm Beach was Robert Jaffe. Mr. Jaffe is the son-in-law of Carl Shapiro, the founder and former chairman of apparel company Kay Windsor Inc. and an early investor and close friend of Madoff. Jaffe, a philanthropist in Palm Beach, Florida, attracted many investors from the Palm Beach Country Club."

The large sovereign wealth fund Abu Dhabi Investment Authority also indirectly invested US$400 million with Madoff. Madoff also promoted in Asia, most recently targeting China, though by that time, he was advertising to anyone with money (contrary to his initial strategy, when he handpicked investors).

The Madoff sales force were well-dressed, multilingual sales representatives in the financial capitals of Europe. Madoff's fund was also considered exclusive, as he was initially giving the appearance of being very selective of which investors to take on.

Madoff had a very successful track record year after year. Moderately-high consistent returns were a key factor in the perpetuation of Madoff's fraud for decades; other Ponzi schemes paid out higher returns in the neighborhood of at least 20 percent. A hedge fund run by Madoff, which described its strategy as focused on shares in the Standard & Poor's 100-stock index, averaged a 10.5 percent annual return over the past 17 years. Through November 2008, amid a general market collapse, the fund reported that it was up 5.6 percent year to date, while the year-to-date total return on the S&P 500-stock index had been negative 38 percent. One investor who declined to be named said “The returns were just amazing and we trusted this guy for decades — if you wanted to take money out, you always got your check in a few days. That’s why we were all so stunned.”

The operation was conducted out of floors 17 to 19 of the Lipstick Building, with 18 and 19 used for administration and stock-trading. The core of the business, the hedging, took place on the 17th floor, which was occupied by no more than 24 employees.[48] Since funds controlling billions as Madoff did would usually require hundreds of employees for the administrative work involved, employees from other floors say that they always assumed Madoff had an office in another location in addition to the Manhattan headquarters.


The victims of the alleged fraud are considering how to best recover some of their investments. The use of the legal doctrine of fraudulent conveyance in bankruptcy proceedings might mean that investors who withdrew their money before the fraud was revealed, might be forced to return their profits or even part of their initial investments. Returning funds is uncontroversial for clients who may have known that the Madoff's business was fraudulent, but it is not so clear for clients who were not aware of Madoff's activities.]The current statute of limitations on cases involving fraudulent conveyance is six years, which means that clients who withdrew their money from Madoff's firm more than six years ago could not lose their withdrawals. But clients who withdrew their funds less than six years ago might have to return their withdrawals.

Investors may also have access to funds from the Securities Investor Protection Corporation (SIPC), which offers assistance to investors of failed brokerage firms. Investors may receive a maximum of $500,000, but only for cash or securities that are missing from their accounts. It could take several years before investigations into the scandal are concluded and investors are able to file claims. Victims may also file suit to have taxes already paid on "fictitious income" restored to them.



The Securities Investor Protection Corporation (SIPC) is liquidating Madoff’s brokerage, with Irving Picard acting as trustee. The SIPC provides up to $500,000 in insurance for missing money or securities in individual brokerage accounts, but does not protect against bad investments.

Stephen Harbeck, president of the SIPC, stated that the investment management department's financial records will take six months to sort out. “There are some assets, but I have no idea what the relationships of the assets available are to the claims against them. The records are utterly unreliable on this case.”

Although Madoff filed a report with the SEC in 2008 stating that his advisory business had only 11–25 clients and about $17.1 billion in assets, dozens of investors have reported losses, and the SEC reports a $50 billion fraud. According to Bloomberg, “in all, companies, individuals and foundations have disclosed about $24 billion of investments with Madoff.” Those affected include banks, Wall Street investors, charities, and individuals.

In December 2008, the Elie Wiesel Foundation for Humanity issued a press release on their website stating that nearly all of the foundation's assets (approximately $15.2 million USD) have been lost through Madoff's firm.


According to The Wall Street Journal the investors with the largest potential losses include:

Fairfield Greenwich Advisors, $7.50 billion
Tremont Capital Management, $3.30 billion
Banco Santander, $2.87 billion
Bank Medici, $2.10 billion
Ascot Partners, $1.80 billion
Access International Advisors, $1.40 billion
Fortis, $1.35 billion
Union Bancaire Privée, $1.00 billion
HSBC, $1.00 billion

The potential losses for these nine investors total $22.32 billion. Other investors, with potential losses between $100 million and $1 billion include Natixis SA, Carl J. Shapiro (a 95-year-old Boston philanthropist, and the individual who seems to have lost most, $500 million; see also above), Royal Bank of Scotland Group PLC, BNP Paribas, BBVA, Man Group PLC, Reichmuth & Co., Nomura Holdings, Aozora Bank, Maxam Capital Management, EIM SA, and AXA SA. The potential losses for these investors total $4.02 billion. Twenty-three investors with potential losses of $500,000 to $100 million were also listed, with total potential losses of $540 million. They included Bramdean Alternatives run by Nicola Horlick, for example. The grand total potential losses in the Wall Street Journal table is $26.9 billion.



On 23 December 2008, one of the founders of Access International, Rene-Thierry Magon de la Villehuchet, was found dead in his New York City office. Both of his wrists were slashed, in what appeared to be suicide.[83] Access International had invested $1.4 billion with Madoff's firm. De la Villehuchet had also invested his personal money with Madoff's business. De la Villehuchet came from a prominent French family and Access International had connections to wealthy and powerful aristocrats from Europe. [84] No suicide note was found at the scene. more